ABSTRACT
@#Respiratory virus infection remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with respiratory diseases. The respiratory virus is predominantly spread by air or droplet through the exposed mucosa. Meanwhile the ocular mucosa is also exposed to air, so more and more attention has been paid to the correlation between respiratory virus and human ocular diseases. In this paper, we will summarize the research progress of the relationship between some familiar respiratory viruses and human eyes.
ABSTRACT
Escin, as an internally applied anti-inflammatory agent, has been widely used in the treatment of inflammation and edema resulting from trauma or operation in the clinic. However, the effect of its external use on cutaneous inflammation and edema remains unexplored. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory and anti-edematous effects of external use of escin were studied in carrageenan-induced paw edema and histamine-induced capillary permeability in rats, paraxylene-induced ear swelling in mice, and cotton pellet-induced granuloma in rats. Effects of external use of escin gel on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were determined by ELISA. The anti-inflammatory mechanism was explored by detecting the expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) with Western blotting and Real-time PCR analyses, with further exploration of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (P38MAPK) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) expressions. We demonstrated that external use of escin showed significant anti-inflammatory effects on acute and chronic inflammation in different animal models and its anti-inflammatory effects might be related to down-regulation of PGE2, TNF-α, and IL-1β. The results also showed that escin exerted its anti-inflammatory effects by promoting the expression of GR, with the possible mechanism being inhibition of the expressions of GR-related signaling molecules such as NF-κB and AP-1.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Humans , Male , Mice , Rats , Aesculus , Chemistry , Anti-Inflammatory Agents , Dinoprostone , Allergy and Immunology , Edema , Drug Therapy , Genetics , Allergy and Immunology , Escin , Interleukin-1beta , Genetics , Allergy and Immunology , Plant Extracts , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Receptors, Glucocorticoid , Genetics , Allergy and Immunology , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha , Genetics , Allergy and ImmunologyABSTRACT
Escin, as an internally applied anti-inflammatory agent, has been widely used in the treatment of inflammation and edema resulting from trauma or operation in the clinic. However, the effect of its external use on cutaneous inflammation and edema remains unexplored. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory and anti-edematous effects of external use of escin were studied in carrageenan-induced paw edema and histamine-induced capillary permeability in rats, paraxylene-induced ear swelling in mice, and cotton pellet-induced granuloma in rats. Effects of external use of escin gel on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were determined by ELISA. The anti-inflammatory mechanism was explored by detecting the expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) with Western blotting and Real-time PCR analyses, with further exploration of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (P38MAPK) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) expressions. We demonstrated that external use of escin showed significant anti-inflammatory effects on acute and chronic inflammation in different animal models and its anti-inflammatory effects might be related to down-regulation of PGE2, TNF-α, and IL-1β. The results also showed that escin exerted its anti-inflammatory effects by promoting the expression of GR, with the possible mechanism being inhibition of the expressions of GR-related signaling molecules such as NF-κB and AP-1.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Humans , Male , Mice , Rats , Aesculus , Chemistry , Anti-Inflammatory Agents , Dinoprostone , Allergy and Immunology , Edema , Drug Therapy , Genetics , Allergy and Immunology , Escin , Interleukin-1beta , Genetics , Allergy and Immunology , Plant Extracts , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Receptors, Glucocorticoid , Genetics , Allergy and Immunology , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha , Genetics , Allergy and ImmunologyABSTRACT
Age - related macular degeneration ( AMD ) is the leading cause of irreversible visual loss in elderly people among white - dominated population. At percent, treatment for AMD includes anti - vascular endothelial growth factor antibody ( Anti- VEGF ) drug treatment, photodynamic therapy ( PDT ) , topical application of triamcinolone acetonide ( TA ) and laser therapy ( nanosecond laser) etc. Through comparative analysis of different treatment methods of AMD, we review the mechanism, clinical efficacy, adverse events and cost effectiveness to provide the basis for clinical treatment.